II. Classification of Smart Robots
By Application
Industrial Robots — Used in manufacturing environments for complex, repetitive
tasks. In the automotive industry, they perform welding, painting
and component assembly with high precision and speed, improving
productivity and product quality while reducing labor costs.
Agricultural Robots — Applied across planting, irrigation, fertilization, weeding and
pest monitoring. Intelligent irrigation robots, for instance, use
soil-moisture sensor feedback to control water volume and timing
precisely, improving water-use efficiency.
Exploration Robots — Designed for unknown environments such as space, deep sea and
polar regions. A Mars rover travels autonomously, investigates
geological structures and climate conditions, and transmits data
and imagery back to Earth.
Service Robots — Widely used in everyday settings: guidance robots in hospitals,
delivery robots in hotels, and sweeping robots in homes.
III. Complexity and Testing Scope
System Complexity
A smart robot integrates mechanical engineering, electronic
engineering, computer science and control theory. Mechanical design
must account for motion flexibility and load capacity; the
electronic control system must precisely manage sensors and
actuators; software algorithms handle perception, path planning and
decision-making.
Testing Scope
Testing covers electrical safety (no risk of electric shock or short circuit), EMC (emissions and immunity), wireless/RF performance (including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 4G/5G), RF exposure assessment, lithium battery safety (overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit), and — increasingly —
cybersecurity.
IV. EU Certification Requirements for Robot Exports
Smart robots entering the EU rarely fall under a single directive.
A typical compliance path involves several instruments in parallel:
1. Machinery safety — the core requirement
Robots are machinery. Today they are covered by Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, which will be repealed and replaced by Machinery Regulation (EU) 2023/1230, applying from 20 January 2027 . The new Regulation adds provisions for AI-enabled safety
functions and cyber-safety of safety-related software and control
systems . Key harmonised standards include EN ISO 12100, EN ISO
10218-1/-2 (industrial robots), ISO/TS 15066 (collaborative
robots), EN ISO 13849-1/-2 and EN IEC 62061 (control system
safety), and EN ISO 13482 (personal care robots).
2. Radio Equipment Directive 2014/53/EU (RED)
For robots with wireless functions, RED — not the EMC/LVD pair —
governs radio compliance . It covers:
- Article 3.1(a) — health & safety: electrical safety plus RF exposure. Electrical safety is assessed
against EN IEC 62368-1, which replaced the withdrawn EN 60950-1 (withdrawn 20 December 2020) . RF exposure uses EN 50566, EN
50360, EN 50385 or EN 50401 as cited under the RED; EN IEC 62311
serves as a generic EMF assessment in the technical file .
- Article 3.1(b) — EMC: cite the specific part, e.g. EN 301 489-17 V3.3.1 (Wi-Fi/Bluetooth) together with EN 301 489-1 .
- Article 3.2 — spectrum: EN 300 328 V2.2.2 for 2.4 GHz; EN 301 893 for 5 GHz; EN 301 908 series for cellular
.
- Article 3.3 — cybersecurity: EN 18031-1/-2/-3:2024 has been mandatory for radio equipment placed on the EU market
since 1 August 2025 .
3. EMC and LVD
Where RED does not apply, use EMC Directive 2014/30/EU and LVD 2014/35/EU. Note that 2014/31/EU is the non-automatic weighing instruments
directive and is not an EMC directive. Typical standards: EN IEC 61000-6-1/-6-3
(residential, commercial, light-industrial) or EN IEC
61000-6-2/-6-4 (industrial); EN 55032 for emissions and EN 55035
for immunity. EN 61000-6-1/-6-3 address immunity and emission —
they are not SAR standards.
4. Chemical and environmental compliance
- RoHS — Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS 2), as amended by (EU) 2015/863: 10 restricted substances — lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent
chromium, PBB, PBDE, DEHP, BBP, DBP and DIBP; 0.1% by weight,
cadmium 0.01% .
- REACH — Regulation (EC) 1907/2006: SVHC screening and, above one tonne per year, registration
obligations .
- Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542: applies since 18 February 2024, replaces Battery Directive
2006/66/EC, and adds labelling, carbon footprint and, later,
battery passport requirements .
5. Coming next — Cyber Resilience Act
Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 applies from 11 December 2027; incident and actively-exploited-vulnerability reporting
obligations have already applied since 11 September 2026 . Conformity with EN 18031 does not by itself grant presumption of conformity with the CRA .
Global United Technology Services Co., Ltd. holds internationally recognised CNAS (L5775) laboratory
accreditation, US FCC NVLAP accreditation and domestic CMA
inspection and testing qualification, and is authorised by major
bodies including the UK's ITS, Germany's TÜV and Belgium's
Eurofins. We focus on EMC, electrical safety, wireless RF and
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